Background: Currently used pediatric kidney length
normative values are based on small single-center studies, do not
include kidney function assessment, and focus mostly on newborns and
infants. We aimed to develop ultrasound-based kidney length
normative values derived from a large group of European Caucasian
children with normal kidney function.
Methods: Out of 1,782 children aged 0–19 years,
1,758 individuals with no present or past kidney disease and normal
estimated glomerular filtration rate had sonographic assessment of
kidney length. The results were correlated with anthropometric
parameters and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Kidney length
was correlated with age, height, body surface area, and body mass
index. Height-related kidney length curves and table were generated
using the LMS method. Multivariate regression analysis with
collinearity checks was used to evaluate kidney length predictors.
Results: There was no significant difference in
kidney size in relation to height between boys and girls. We found
significant (p < 0.001), but clinically unimportant (Cohen’s D
effect size=0.04 and 0.06) differences between prone vs. supine
position (mean paired difference=0.64 mm, 95% CI=0.49–0.77) and left
vs. right kidneys (mean paired difference=1.03 mm, 95%
CI=0.83–1.21), respectively. For kidney length prediction, the
highest coefficient correlation was observed with height (adjusted
R2=0.87, p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: We present height-related
LMS-percentile curves and tables of kidney length which may serve as
normative values for kidney length in children from birth to 19
years of age. The most significant predictor of kidney length was
statural height.